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 * Collective unconscious**: the inherited part of the unconscious that is the product of ancestral experience shared by a society, a people or all humankind. The term was introduced by Carl Gustav Jung in 1816 in a talk to the Zurich School for Analytical Psychology to describe ancestral images.

Here Elizabeth Costello uses the term to compare the jaguar's vision and behavior inside the cage to Hughes' writing. She explains that this collective unconscious is a dream kind of experience; Interestingly, she notes that with Hughes, this dream kind of experience is not a matter of inhabiting another mind but a matter of inhabiting another body.

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 * William Blake:** an English poet, painter and printmaker born in 1757- He inspired many Romantic poets with themes of good and evil, heaven and hell, knowledge and innocence, and external reality and inner reality. He challenged many traditional beliefs of his time by supporting sexual and racial equality, and devoted much time to exploring our senses beyond our five senses. He is also well known for developing mythic creatures inspired by Greek and Roman mythology and for illustrating his own poetry- his illustrations often focused on parts of the human anatomy or fantastically imaginative creatures that embodied inspiration and creativity.

Elizabeth Costello uses William Blake to illustrate her idea that Hughes and Blake both look at animals the same way paleolithic hunters used to. She explains that Blake and Hughes share an attentiveness to animals that our ancestors possessed, pointing out that this attentiveness is now rare and therefore unique.


 * Lawrence:** David Herbert Richards Lawrence, an English author, poet, playwright, essayist and literary critic. His works contain reflections on the dehumanizing effects of industrialization. He also focuses on issues such as emotional health, human sexuality, and instinct.

Elizabeth Costello mentions Lawrence in a list of Western writers that celebrate the primitive and repudiate the Western bias toward abstract thought. Costello believes that Lawrence' attitude toward animals is similar to those of Blake, Hughes, Snyder, and Jeffers.




 * Gary Snyder:** American poet, essayist, lecturer, and environmental activist born in 1930- He was interested in culture, the environment, language, and Zen Buddhism. Although many of his works contain reflections on Buddhist spirituality, Snyder is most well known for his simple yet penetratingly realistic descriptions of nature. He strongly believed that descriptions of nature should perfectly mirror the world outside; thus his poems are simple, direct, and fresh.

Costello mentions Gary Snyder as an example of an American poet who belongs to the same line of poets who share the unique attentiveness to animals. 


 * Robinson Jeffers:** American poet (1887-1962)- Jeffers’ poetry was written in classic narrative and epic form. Today he is known for his short verse and is an icon of the environmental movement. In his works, Jeffers celebrates the beauty of coastal hills and ravines; his favorite theme was the contrast between the intense, rugged beauty of nature and the degraded effects that modern man has on the environment. He strongly believed that human beings were ignorant of their surroundings; thus his poems often also express moral despair about modern civilization.

Costello mentions Robinson Jeffers as another example of an American poet who celebrated the primitive and repudiated the Western bias toward abstract thought.


 * Hemingway:** American writer (1899-1961)- Hemingway focused on portraying soldiers, hunters, and bullfighters whose courage and honesty were set against the brutal ways of modern society and thus lose their hope and faith. In //Death in the Afternoon// Ernest Hemingway describes the ceremony and traditions of Spanish bullfighting and in doing so, provides deeper contemplation on the nature of fear and courage. He considered the ritualized practice of bull fighting similar to a writer’s search for the meaning of life.

Costello mentions Hemingway and his hunting and bullfighting phase to substantiate her claim of the "primitiveness" of those who strongly believe in respecting and honoring the animals that we kill and eat.


 * Primitivism: **
 * 1** **:** primitive practices or procedures
 * 2 a** **:** belief in the superiority of a simple way of life close to nature
 * b** **:** belief in the superiority of nonindustrial society to that of the present
 * 3** **:** the style of art of primitive peoples or primitive artists

Coetzee uses primitivism to describe both the primitive practice of holding celebratory rituals such as contests and festivals after animals are killed and the primitive beliefs that the strength and courage of animals will be passed on to those who eat the animals. She clearly emphasizes the point that this type of primitive attitude is "attractive...at an ethical level", but also very impractical and therefore easily mocked and criticized.


 * Bodying:**
 * 1** **:** to give form or shape to **:** embody
 * 2** **:** represent, symbolize —usually used with //forth//

Here Coetzee uses the word “bodying” to describe the representation or depiction of the jaguar, clearly explaining that Hughes depicts the jaguar to show his audience that it is possible to embody animals through a process called "poetic invention", which mingles our different senses so cleverly that the "living body" that is depicted seems to be "within ourselves".// -- // 53
 * Shamanism:** a religion practiced by indigenous peoples of far northern Europe and Siberia that is characterized by belief in an unseen world of gods, demons, and ancestral spirits responsive only to the shamans.

Costello mentions Shamanism when summarizing her point that Hughes would support her claims about the primitive experience of being face to face with an animal, and more specifically, her opinions of the mixture of shamanism, spirit possession, and archetype psychology.